by There are so many variables that go into communication that there just cannot be a blanket rule for effective communication. Bias and expectations can interfere with really hearing what is said. If we have a preconceived notion of what the other person will say, then we may not fully listen to them. Or if we do not like a person, we may discount or ignore what they have to say.
Communication is a dynamic process that requires ongoing assessment of whether the message has been received accurately. Some strategies include paraphrasing, asking clarifying questions, and reading body language. Conversation is a back-and-forth with each person talking about 15 seconds.